Contoh Soal Dan Pembahasan Reading Comprehension Pada Tes Toefl ITP
5/10/18
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Reading Comprehension pada tes Toefl ITP bertujuan untuk menguji kemampuan Anda dalam
memahami, menginterprestasikan, dan menganalisa teks atau bacaan mengenai
berbagai macam topik. Bagian ini terdiri dari empat sampai enam teks/bacaan
kira-kira 200 - 450 kata. Setiap teks biasanya diikuti oleh 7-12 pertanyaan.
Jumlah soal untuk Reading Comprehension adalah 50 soal. Topik bacaan biasanya
berkaitan dengan masalah-masalah akademik, terutama textbook mengenai Biologi,
Fisika, Geografi, Sejarah Amerika, Biografi, Ekonomi, Ilmu-ilmu Sosial, dan
Seni.
Jenis Pertanyaan
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan bagian Reading Comprehension ini, memahami
jenis pertanyaan sebagai persiapan menghadapi tes TOEFL sangatlah penting.
Berikut ini berbagai tipe pertanyaan yang sering muncul dalam tes TOEFL.
1. Pertanyaan tentang topik atau tema.
2. Topik utama merupakan subjek utama bacaan, tentang apa bacaan itu.
3. Topik atau tema bisa berupa: inti isi tulisan (the text is about) atau
judul tulisan (title).
Contoh Soal Tes TOEFL Bagian Reading Comprehension
Reading Comprehension
Time: Approximately 55 Minutes
50 Questions
DIRECTIONS
In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by
several questions about it. For questions 1-50, you are to choose the one best
answer, (A), (B), (C), or (D), to each question. Then, on your answer sheet,
find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the
letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage
on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.
READ THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE:
The railroad was not the first institution to impose regularity on
society, or to draw attention to the importance of precise timekeeping. For as
long as merchants have set out their wares at daybreak and communal festivities
have been celebrated, people have been in rough agreement with their neighbors
as to the time of day. The value of this tradition is today more apparent than
ever. Were it not for public acceptance of a single yardstick of time, social
life would be unbearably chaotic: the massive daily transfers of goods,
services, and information would proceed in fits and starts; the very fabric of
modem society would begin to unravel.
Example I
What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) In modem society we must make more time for our neighbors.
(B) The traditions of society are timeless.
(C) An accepted way of measuring time is essential for the smooth
functioning of society.
(D) Society judges people by the times at which they conduct certain
activities.
The main idea of the passage is that societies need to agree about how
time is to be measured in order to function smoothly. Therefore, you should
choose (C).
Example II
In line 4, the phrase “this tradition” refers to....
(A) the practice of starting the business day at dawn
(B) friendly relations between neighbors
(C) the railroad’s reliance on time schedules
(D) people’s agreement on the measurement of time
The phrase “this tradition” refers to the preceding clause, “people have
been in rough agreement with their neighbors as to the time of day.” Therefore,
you should choose (D).
Now begin work on the questions.
Questions 1-5
A distinctively American architecture began with Frank Lloyd Wright, who
had taken to heart the admonition that form should follow function and who thought
of buildings not as separate architectural entities but as parts of an organic
whole that included the land, the community, and the society. In a very real
way the houses of colonial New England and some of the southern plantations had
been functional, but Wright was the first architect to make functionalism the
authoritative principle for public as well as for domestic buildings. As early
as 1906 he built the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the first of those
churches that did so much to revolutionize ecclesiastical architecture in the
United States. Thereafter he turned his genius to such miscellaneous structures
as houses, schools, office buildings, and factories, among them the famous Larkin
Building in Buffalo, New York, and the Johnson Wax Company building in Racine,
Wisconsin.
1. The phrase “taken to heart” in line 1 is closest in meaning to which
of the following?
(A) Taken seriously
(B) Criticized
(C) Memorized
(D) Taken offence
2. In what way did Wright’s public buildings differ from most of those
built by earlier architects?
(A) They were built on a larger
scale.
(B) Their materials came from the
southern United States.
(C) They looked more like private
homes.
(D) Their designs were based on
how they would be used.
3. The author mentions the Unity Temple because, it
(A) was Wright’s first building
(B) influenced the architecture of
subsequent churches
(C) demonstrated traditional
ecclesiastical architecture
(D) was the largest church Wright
ever designed
4. The passage mentions that all of the following structures were built
by Wright EXCEPT
(A) factories
(B) public buildings
(C) offices
(D) southern plantations
5. Which of the following statements best reflects one of Frank Lloyd
Wright’s architectural principles?
(A) Beautiful design is more
important than utility.
(B) Ecclesiastical architecture
should be derived from traditional designs.
(C) A building should fit into its
surroundings.
(D) The architecture of public
buildings does not need to be revolutionary
Questions 6-16
There are two basic types of glaciers, those that flow outward in all
directions with little regard for any underlying terrain and those that are
confined by terrain to a particular path.
The first category of glaciers includes those massive blankets that cover
whole continents, appropriately called ice sheets. There must be over 50,000
square kilometers of land covered with ice for the glacier to qualify as an ice
sheet. When portions of an ice sheet spread out over the ocean, they form ice
shelves.
About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered nearly all the
mountains in southern Alaska, western Canada, and the western United States. It
was about 3 kilometers deep at its thickest point in northern Alberta. Now
there are only two sheets left on Earth, those covering Greenland and
Antarctica.
Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in all directions but covers
less than 50,000 square kilometers is called an ice cap. Although ice caps are
rare nowadays, there are a number in northeastern Canada, on Baffin Island, and
on the Queen Elizabeth Islands.
The second category of glaciers includes those of a variety of shapes and
sizes generally called mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain glaciers are
typically identified by the landform that controls their flow. One form of
mountain glacier that resembles an ice cap in that it flows outward in several
directions is called an ice field. The difference between an ice field and an ice
cap is subtle. Essentially, the flow of an ice field is somewhat controlled by
surrounding terrain and thus does not have the domelike shape of a cap. There
are several ice fields in the Wrangell. St. Elias, and Chugach mountains of
Alaska and northern British Columbia.
Less spectacular than large ice fields are the most common types of
mountain glaciers: the cirque and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are found in
depressions in the surface of the land and have a characteristic circular
shape. The ice of valley glaciers, bound by terrain, flows down valleys, curves
around their corners, and falls over cliffs.
6. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Where major glaciers are
located
(B) How glaciers shape the land
(C) How glaciers are formed
(D) The different kinds of
glaciers
7. The word “massive” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) huge
(B) strange
(C) cold
(D) recent
8. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named for which of the
following reasons?
(A) They are confined to mountain
valleys.
(B) They cover large areas of
land.
(C) They are thicker in some areas
than in others.
(D) They have a characteristic
circular shape.
9. According to the passage, ice shelves can be found
(A) covering an entire continent
(B) buried within the mountains
(C) spreading into the ocean
(D) filling deep valleys
10. According to the passage, where was the Cordilleran Ice Sheet
thickest?
(A) Alaska
(B) Greenland
(C) Alberta
(D) Antarctica
11. The word “rare” in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) small
(B) unusual
(C) valuable
(D) widespread
12. According to the passage (paragraph 5), ice fields resemble ice caps
in which of the following ways?
(A) Their shape
(B) Their flow
(C) Their texture
(D) Their location
13. The word “it” in line 16 refers to
(A) glacier
(B) cap
(C) difference
(D) terrain
14. The word “subtle” in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) slight
(B) common
(C) important
(D) measurable
15. All of the following are alpine glaciers EXCEPT
(A) cirque glaciers
(B) ice caps
(C) valley glaciers
(D) ice fields
16. Which of the following types of glaciers does the author use to
illustrate the two basic types of glaciers mentioned in line 1?
(A) Ice fields and cirques
(B) Cirques and alpine glaciers
(C) Ice sheets and ice shelves
(D) Ice sheets and mountain
glaciers
Questions 17-26
Tools and hand bones excavated from the Swartkrans cave complex in South
Africa suggest that a close relative of early humans known as Australopithecus
robustus may have made and used primitive tools long before the species became
extinct I million Line years ago. It may
even have made and used primitive tools long before humanity’s direct ancestor,
Homo habilis, or “handy man,” began doing so. Homo habilis and its successor,
Homo erectus, coexisted with Australopithecus robustus on the plains of South Africa
for more than a million years.
The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been under excavation since the
1940’s. The earliest fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in the cave
date from about 1.9 million years ago and contain extensive remains of animals,
primitive tools, and two or more species of apelike hominids. The key recent
discovery involved bones from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the first
time such bones have been found.
The most important feature of the Australopithecus robustus hand was the
pollical distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The bone had an
attachment point for a “uniquely human” muscle, the flexor pollicis longus, that
had previously been found only in more recent ancestors. That muscle gave
Australopithecus robustutJ an opposable thumb, a feature that would allow them
to grip objects, including tools. The researchers also found primitive bone and
stone implements, especially digging tools, in the same layers of sediments.
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built- more “robust” in
anthropological terms-than their successors. They had broad faces, heavy jaws,
and massive crushing and grinding teeth that were used for eating hard fruits,
seeds, and fibrous underground plant parts. They walked upright, which would
have allowed them to carry and use tools. Most experts had previously believed
that Homo habilis were able to supplant Australopithecus robustus because the
former’s ability to use tools gave them an innate superiority. The discovery
that Australopithecus robustus also used tools means that researchers will have
to seek other explanations for their extinction. Perhaps their reliance on
naturally occurring plants led to their downfall as the climate became drier
and cooler, or perhaps Homo habilis, with their bigger brains, were simply able
tomake more sophisticated tools.
17. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that all of the following
may have made and used tools EXCEPT.
(A) Australopithecus robustus
(B) Homo erectus
(C) Homo habilis
(D) Australopithecus robustus’
ancestors
18. The word “extensive” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) numerous
(B) exposed
(C) ancient
(D) valuable
19. Which of the following does the author mention as the most important
recent discovery made in the Swartkrans cave?
(A) Tools
(B) Teeth
(C) Plant fossils
(D) Hand bones
20. What does the third paragraph ‘mainly discuss?
(A) Features of Australopithecus
robustus’ hand
(B) Purposes for which hominids
used tools
(C) Methods used to determine the
age of fossils
(D) Significant plant fossils found
in layers of sediment
21. It can be inferred from the description in the last paragraph that
Australopithecus robustus was so named because of the species’
(A) ancestors
(B) thumb
(C) build
(D) diet
22. The word “supplant” in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) exploit
(B) displace
(C) understand
(D) imitate
23. The word “them” in line 23 refers to
(A) tools
(B) Homo habilis
(C) Australopithecus robustus
(D) experts
24. What does the author suggest is unclear about Australopithecus
robustus?
(A) Whether they used tools
(B) What they most likely ate
(C) Whether they are closely
related to humans
(D) Why they became extinct
25. The phrase “reliance on” in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) impact on
(B) dependence on
(C) tolerance of
(D) discovery of
26. Where in the passage does the author mention the materials from which
tools were made?
(A) Lines 7-9
(B) Lines 12-13
(C) Lines 15-17
(D) Lines 21-23
Questions 27-38
The first two decades of this century were dominated by the microbe
hunters. These hunters had tracked down one after another of the microbes
responsible for the most dreaded scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis,
cholera, diphtheria. But there, remained some terrible diseases for which no
microbe could be incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi. Then it was
discovered that these diseases were caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace
substance in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or cured by consuming
foods that contained the vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920’s and
1930’s, nutrition became a science and the vitamin hunters replaced the microbe
hunters.
In the 1940’s and 1950’s, biochemists strived to learn why each of the
vitamins was essential for health. They discovered that key enzymes in
metabolism depend on one or another of the vitamins as coenzymes to perform the
chemistry that provides cells with energy for growth and function. Now, these
enzyme hunters occupied center stage.
You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been replaced by a new breed
of hunters who are tracking genes-the blueprints for each of the enzymes-and
are discovering the defective genes that cause inherited diseases-diabetes,
cystic fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic engineers, use recombinant DNA
technology to identify and clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells
and plants to create factories for the massive production of hormones and
vaccines for medicine and for better crops for agriculture. Biotechnology has
become a multibillion-dollar industry.
In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the
gene hunters will be replaced in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind of
hunter will dominate the scene in the last decade of our waning century and in
the early decades of the next? I wonder whether the hunters who will occupy the
spotlight will be neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the enzyme and
gene hunters to the functions of the brain: What to call them? The head
hunters. I will return to them later.
27. What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) The microbe hunters
(B) The potential of genetic
engineering
(C) The progress of modem medical
research
(D) The discovery of enzymes
28. The word “which” in line 4 refers to
(A) diseases
(B) microbe
(C) cholera
(D) diphtheria
29. The word “incriminated” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) investigated
(B) blamed
(C) eliminated
(D) produced
30. Which of the following can be cured by a change in diet?
(A) Tuberculosis
(B) Cholera
(C) Cystic fibrosis
(D) Pellagra
31. The word “strived” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) failed
(B) tried
(C) experimented
(D) studied
32. How do vitamins influence health?
(A) They are necessary for some
enzymes to function.
(B) They protect the body from
microbes.
(C) They keep food from spoiling.
(D) They are broken down by cells
to produce energy.
33. In the third paragraph, the author compares cells that have been
genetically altered by biotechnicians to
(A) gardens
(B) factories
(C) hunters
(D) spotlights
34. The word “them” in line 16 refers to
(A) cells and plants
(B) hormones
(C) genes
(D) gene hunters or genetic
engineers
35. The phrase “occupy the spotlight” in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) receive the most attention
(B) go the furthest
(C) conquer territory
(D) lighten the load
36. The author implies that the most important medical research topic of
the future will be
(A) the functions of the brain
(B) inherited diseases
(C) the operation of vitamins
(D) the structure of genes
37. Which of the following best describes the author’stone in the last
paragraph of the passage?
(A) Critical
(B) Speculative
(C) Appreciative
(D) Emotional
38. With which of the following statements would the author be most
likely to agree?
(A) The focus of medical research
will change in the next two decades.
(B) Medical breakthroughs often
depend on luck.
(C) Medical research throughout
the twentieth century has been dominated by microbe hunters.
(D) Most diseases are caused by
defective genes.
Questions 39-50
In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States had tremendous natural
resources that could be exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of
the raw materials that are valuable in the manufacture of machinery,
transportation facilities, and consumer goods lay ready to be worked into
wealth. Iron, coal, and oil-the basic ingredients of industrial growth-were
plentiful and needed only the application of technical expertise,
organizational skill, and labor.
One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the
growth of the railroads. The railway network expanded rapidly until the
railroad map of the United States looked like a spider’s web, with the steel
filaments connecting all important sources of raw materials, their places of manufacture,
and their centers of distribution. The railroads contributed to the industrial
growth not only by connecting these major centers, but also by themselves
consuming enormous amounts of fuel, iron, and coal.
Many factors influenced emerging modes of production. For example, machine
tools, the tools used to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part
of the nineteenth century-always with an eye to speedier production and lower
unit costs. The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed by the growing
cities that sheltered the workers and the distributors. The increased urban
population was nourished by the increased farm production that, in turn, was
made more productive by the use of the new farm machinery. American
agricultural production kept up with the urban demand and still had surpluses
for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.
The labor that ran the factories and built the railways was recruited in
part from American farm areas where people were being displaced by farm machinery,
in part from Asia, and in part from Europe. Europe now began to send tides of
immigrants from eastern and southern Europe-most of whom were originally poor
farmers but who settled in American industrial cities. The money to finance this
tremendous expansion of the American economy still came from European financiers
for the most part, but the Americans were approaching the day when their
expansion could be financed in their own “money market.”
39. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The history of railroads in
the United States
(B) The major United States
industrial centers
(C) Factors that affected
industrialization in the United States
(D) The role of agriculture in the
nineteenth century
40. The word “ingredients” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) minerals
(B) products
(C) methods
(D) components
41.Why does the author mention “a spider’s web” in line 8?
(A) To emphasize the railroad’s
consumption of oil and coal
(B) To describe the complex
structure of the railway system
(C) To explain the problems
brought on by railway expansion
(D) To describe the difficulties
involved in the distribution of raw materials
42. The word “themselves” in line 10 refers to
(A) sources
(B) centers
(C) railroads
(D) places
43. According to the passage, all of the following were true of railroads
in the United States in the nineteenth century EXCEPT that
(A) they connected important
industrial cities
(B) they were necessary to the
industrialization process
(C) they were expanded in a short
time
(D) they used relatively small
quantities of natural resources
44. According to the passage, what was one effect of the improvement of
machine tools?
(A) Lower manufacturing costs
(B) Better distribution of goods
(C) More efficient transportation of
natural resources
(D) A reduction in industrial jobs
45. According to the passage, who were the biggest consumers of
manufactured products?
(A) Railway workers
(B) Farmers
(C) City dwellers
(D) Europeans
46. The word “nourished” in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) protected
(B) fed
(C) housed
(D) paid
47. Which of the following is NOT true of United States farmers in the
nineteenth century?
(A) They lost some jobs because of
mechanization.
(B) They were unable to produce
sufficient food for urban areas.
(C) They raised their productivity
by using new machinery.
(D) They sold food to European
countries.
48. According to the passage, what did the United States supply to
European cities?
(A) Machine tools
(B) Money
(C) Raw materials
(D) Agricultural produce
49. The word “ran” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) operated
(B) hurried
(C) constructed
(D) owned
50. Where in the passage does the author mention the financial aspect of
industrial expansion?
(A) Lines 1-2
(B) Lines 9-11
(C) Lines 17-18
(D) Lines 22-25
Pembahasan Soal Jawaban Reading Comprehension
Questions 1-5
A distinctively American architecture began with Frank Lloyd Wright, who
had taken to heart the admonition that form should follow function and who
thought of buildings not as separate architectural entities but as parts of an
organic whole that included the land, the community, and the society. In a very
real way the houses of colonial New England and some of the southern plantations
had been functional, but Wright was the first architect to make functionalism
the authoritative principle for public as well as for domestic buildings. As
early as 1906 he built the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the first of
those churches that did so much to revolutionize ecclesiastical architecture in
the United States. Thereafter he turned his genius to such miscellaneous
structures as houses, schools, office buildings, and factories, among them the
famous Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York, and the Johnson Wax Company
building in Racine, Wisconsin.
Terjemahan
Arsitektur khas Amerika dimulai oleh Frank Lloyd Wright, yang telah
dikenal bahwa bentuk harus mengikuti fungsi dan siapa yang berpikir bangunan
tidak dipisahkan oleh arsitektur tetapi sebagai bagian keseluruhan organik yang
termasuk tanah, masyarakat, dan kumpulan masyarakat. Dalam cara yang sangat
nyata ,rumah-rumah kolonial New England dan beberapa perkebunan Selatan telah
berfungsi, tetapi Wright adalah arsitek pertama yang membuat fungsionalisme
prinsip otoritatif untuk umum juga domestik. Sejak 1906, ia membangun Persatuan
Candi di Oak Park, Illinois, gereja-Gereja yang pertama dari yang melakukan
begitu banyak merevolusi arsitektur gereja di Amerika Serikat. Kemudian
menggunakan kejeniusannya untuk struktur yang berbeda-bedaseperti rumah,
sekolah, bangunan perkantoran dan pabrik-pabrik, di antaranya Gedung Larkin
terkenal di Buffalo, New York, dan perusahaan bangunan Johnson Wax di Racine,
Wisconsin.
1. The phrase “taken to heart” in line 1 is closest in meaning to which
of the following?
Jawab : A → Taken seriously
Pembahasan : Frasa taken to heart adalah bentuk ungkapan idiomatik dan
memiliki arti “melakukan dengan sepenuh hati/serius”.
2. In what way did Wright’s public buildings differ from most of those
built by earlier architects?
Jawab : D → Their designs were
based on how they would be used.
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat “…that form should follow function…”
menunjukkan bahwa desain seharusnya berdasarkan pada fungsinya, untuk apa
nantinya bangunan itu digunakan dan jawaban yang demikian ditemukan di pilihan
D.
3. The author mentions the Unity Temple because, it
Jawab : B → influenced the
architecture of subsequent churches
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat “…the
first of those churches that did so much to revolutionize ecclesiastical
architecture in the United States” menyatakan bahwa bangunan itu sangat
mempengaruhi desain bangunan-bangunan selanjutnya. Jawaban yang mengandung ide
serupa ada pada pilihan B.
4. The passage mentions that all of the following structures were built
by Wright EXCEPT
Jawab : D → southern plantations
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat terakhir
jelas bahwa offices, factories dan public building, termasuk churches adalah
karyanya. Sedangkan South Plantations bukanlah hasil karyanya karena sudah
didesain oleh orang terdahulu seperti yang disebutkan dalam bacaan.
5. Which of the following statements best reflects one of Frank Lloyd
Wright’s architectural principles?
Jawab : C → A building should fit into its surroundings.
Pembahasan : Kalimat “…as parts of an organic whole that included the
land, the community, and the society” menyatakan bahwa bangunan seharusnya
dianggap sebagai bagian dari keseluruhan lingkungan dan masyarakat sekitarnya
sehingga dengan kata lain bangunan tersebut harus sesuai dengan lingkungannya.
Questions 6-16
There are two basic types of glaciers, those that flow outward in all
directions with little regard for any underlying terrain and those that are
confined by terrain to a particular path.
The first category of glaciers includes those massive blankets that cover
whole continents, appropriately called ice sheets. There must be over 50,000
square kilometers of land covered with ice for the glacier to qualify as an ice
sheet. When portions of an ice sheet spread out over the ocean, they form ice
shelves.
About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered nearly all the
mountains in southern Alaska, western Canada, and the western United States. It
was about 3 kilometers deep at its thickest point in northern Alberta. Now
there are only two sheets left on Earth, those covering Greenland and
Antarctica.
Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in all directions but covers
less than 50,000 square kilometers is called an ice cap. Although ice caps are
rare nowadays, there are a number in northeastern Canada, on Baffin Island, and
on the Queen Elizabeth Islands.
The second category of glaciers includes those of a variety of shapes and
sizes generally called mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain glaciers are
typically identified by the landform that controls their flow. One form of
mountain glacier that resembles an ice cap in that it flows outward in several
directions is called an ice field. The difference between an ice field and an ice
cap is subtle. Essentially, the flow of an ice field is somewhat controlled by
surrounding terrain and thus does not have the domelike shape of a cap. There
are several ice fields in the Wrangell. St. Elias, and Chugach mountains of
Alaska and northern British Columbia.
Less spectacular than large ice fields are the most common types of
mountain glaciers: the cirque and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are found in
depressions in the surface of the land and have a characteristic circular
shape. The ice of valley glaciers, bound by terrain, flows down valleys, curves
around their corners, and falls over cliffs.
Terjemahan
Ada dua jenis dasar gletser, yang mengalir ke luar dalam semua arah
dengan kurang memperhatikan setiap daerah yang mendasari dan orang-orang yang
dibatasi oleh medan untuk suatu jalan tertentu.
Kategori pertama gletser mencakup selimut yang besar yang mencakup
seluruh benua, tepat disebut lembaran es. Harus ada lebih dari 50.000 kilometer
persegi tanah yang ditutupi dengan es untuk gletser untuk memenuhi syarat
sebagai lembar es.
Ketika bagian dari lembaran es menyebar samudera, mereka membentuk es
rak. Sekitar 20.000 tahun yang lalu Cordilleran es lembar meliputi hampir semua
pegunungan di Alaska Selatan, Kanada Barat dan barat Amerika Serikat. Itu
adalah sekitar 3 kilometer yang mendalam pada titik tertebal di northern
Alberta. Sekarang yang ada hanya dua lembar yang tersisa di dunia, orang-orang
yang meliputi Greenland dan Antartika.
Badan domelike es yang juga mengalir keluar di segala penjuru tetapi
mencakup kurang dari
50.000 kilometer persegi yang disebut topi es. Meskipun ice caps langka
saat ini, ada beberapa di timur laut Kanada, Baffin Island, dan di Kepulauan Ratu
Elizabeth.
Kategori kedua gletser termasuk orang-orang dari berbagai bentuk dan
ukuran yang umumnya disebut gunung atau alpine gletser. Gunung gletser biasanya
diidentifikasi dengan bentang alam yang mengendalikan aliran mereka. Salah satu
bentuk gunung gletser yang menyerupai topi es yang mengalir ke luar dalam
beberapa arah disebut medan es. Perbedaan antara medan es dan topi es halus.
Pada dasarnya, arus medan es agak dikendalikan oleh daerah sekitarnya dan
dengan demikian tidak memiliki bentuk seperti topi. Ada beberapa bidang es di
Wrangell. St Elias, dan pegunungan Chugach di Alaska dan British Columbia
Utara.
Kurang spektakuler daripada besar es bidang yang paling umum jenis gunung
gletser: cirque dan lembah gletser. Cirque gletser ditemukan dalam depresi di
permukaan tanah dan memiliki bentuk melingkar yang khas. Es lembah gletser,
terikat oleh daerah, mengalir ke lembah, kurva yang disudut-sudut mereka dan
jatuh diatas tebing.
6. What does the passage mainly discuss?
Jawab : D → The different kinds of
glaciers
Pembahasan : Ide pokok teks di atas dapat ditemukan pada paragraf pertama
kalimat pertama yang menjelaskan dua jenis gletser yang berbeda dan selanjutnya
masing-masing dijelaskan lebih lanjut pada paragraf berikutnya.
7. The word “massive” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
Jawab : A → huge
Pembahasan : Padanan kata massive
adalah huge (sangat besar).
8. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named for which of the
following reasons?
Jawab : B → They cover large areas
of land.
Pembahasan : Frasa whole continents pada kalimat those massive blankets
that cover whole continents appropriately called ice sheet menunjukkan bahwa
daratan yang tertutup gletser mencakup wilayah yang sangat luas, hampir
keseluruhan daratan.
9. According to the passage, ice shelves can be found
Jawab : C → spreading into the
ocean
Pembahasan : Jawaban dapat
ditemukan pada kalimat terakhir paragraf kedua bahwa jika ice sheet tersebar
(spread out) di lautan akan terbentuk ice shelves.
10. According to the passage, where was the Cordilleran Ice Sheet
thickest?
Jawab : C → Alberta
Pembahasan : Jawaban dapat ditemukan pada baris ke-8: it was about 3
kilometers deep at its thickest point in northern Alberta.
11. The word “rare” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
Jawab : B → unusual
Pembahasan : Rare berarti jarang
atau tidak biasa ditemukan sehingga jawaban yang paling mendekati arti dari
rare adalah unusual.
12. According to the passage (paragraph 5), ice fields resemble ice caps
in which of the following ways?
Jawab : B → Their flow
Pembahasan : Kalimat Mountain glaciers are typically identified by the
landform that controls their flow dan dijelaskan lebih lanjut pada kalimat One
form of mountain glacier that resembles an ice cap in that it flows outward in
several directions is called an ice field menunjukkan bahwa pembentukan ice caps
dipengaruhi oleh alirannya (their flow).
13. The word “it” in line 15 refers to
Jawab : A → glacier
Pembahasan : It pada kalimat di
atas merujuk pada mountain glacier atau gletser.
14. The word ”subtle” in line 16 is closest in meaning to
Jawab : A → slight
Pembahasan : Padanan kata subtle
adalah slight yang keduanya memiliki arti “tipis, halus, atau sedikit”.
15. All of the following are alpine glaciers EXCEPT
Jawab : B → ice caps
Pembahasan : Jenis alpine/mountain
glacier adalah ice fields, cirque glaciers dan valley glaciers yang semuanya
dipengaruhi oleh aliran dan tidak memiliki domelike cap seperti ice caps.
16. Which of the following types of glaciers does the author use to
illustrate the two basic types of glaciers mentioned in line 1?
Jawab : D → Ice sheets and mountain glaciers
Pembahasan : Ada dua jenis gletser yaitu ice sheet yang mengalir keluar
ke segala arah dan mountain glacier yang arah alirannya terbatas hanya di
aliran tertentu.
Questions 17-26
Tools and hand bones excavated from the Swartkrans cave complex in South
Africa suggest that a close relative of early humans known as Australopithecus
robustus may have made and used primitive tools long before the species became
extinct 1 million Line years ago. It may
even have made and used primitive tools long before humanity’s direct ancestor,
Homo habilis, or “handy man,” began doing so. Homo habilis and its successor,
Homo erectus, coexisted with Australopithecus robustus on the plains of South
Africa for more than a million years.
The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been under excavation since the
1940’s. The earliest fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in the cave
date from about 1.9 million years ago and contain extensive remains of animals,
primitive tools, and two or more species of apelike hominids. The key recent
discovery involved bones from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the first
time such bones have been found.
The most important feature of the Australopithecus robustus hand was the
pollical distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The bone had an
attachment point for a “uniquely human” muscle, the flexor pollicis longus, that
had previously been found only in more recent ancestors. That muscle gave
Australopithecus robustutJ an opposable thumb, a feature that would allow them
to grip objects, including tools. The researchers also found primitive bone and
stone implements, especially digging tools, in the same layers of sediments.
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built- more “robust” in
anthropological terms-than their successors. They had broad faces, heavy jaws,
and massive crushing and grinding teeth that were used for eating hard fruits,
seeds, and fibrous underground plant parts. They walked upright, which would
have allowed them to carry and use tools. Most experts had previously believed
that Homo habilis were able to supplant Australopithecus robustus because the
former’s ability to use tools gave them an innate superiority. The discovery
that Australopithecus robustus also used tools means that researchers will have
to seek other explanations for their extinction. Perhaps their reliance on
naturally occurring plants led to their downfall as the climate became drier
and cooler, or perhaps Homo habilis, with their bigger brains, were simply able
tomake more sophisticated tools.
Terjemahan
Alat dan tulang tangan yang digali dari kompleks gua Swartkrans di Afrika
Selatan telah menjadi informasi bahwa kerabat dekat awal manusia yang dikenal
sebagai Australopithecus robustus telah dibuat dan alat primitif telah
digunakan jauh sebelum spesies punah 1 juta tahun lalu. Bahkan mungkin alat
primitif telah dibuat dan digunakan jauh sebelum leluhur manusia langsung, Homo
habilis atau ‘manusia pembantu’ mulai melakukannya. Homo habilis dan
penerusnya, Homo erectus berdampingan dengan Australopithecus robustus di
dataran Afrika Selatan selama lebih dari satu juta tahun.
Gua Swartkrans di Afrika Selatan telah di bawah penggalian sejak tahun
1940-an. Fosil pertama yang mengandung lapisan batuan sedimen di gua berasal
dari sekitar 1,9 juta tahun yang lalu dan berisi bangkai binatang, alat-alat
primitif, dan dua atau lebih spesies hominid yang seprti kera. Penemuan
baru-baru ini menemukan tulang dari tangan Australopithecus robustus, pertama
kalinya seperti tulang telah ditemukan sebelumnya.
Fitur yang paling penting dari tangan Australopithecus robustus adalah
ujung jari distal pollical, tulang di jempol. Tulang itu memiliki titik
lanjutan untuk otot ’manusia unik ’, otot flexor pollicis longus, yang
sebelumnya telah ditemukan hanya di jaman nenek-moyang yang terdahulu. Otot
yang memberikan Australopithecus robustut jempol, bengkak fitur yang akan
memungkinkan mereka untuk mencengkeram objek, termasuk alat. Para peneliti juga
menemukan tulang primitif dan alat-alat batu, terutama menggali alat-alat, pada
lapisan sedimen yang sama.
Australopithecus robustus yang lebih berat dibangun-lebih ’kuat’ dalam
antropologi-daripada penerus mereka. Mereka memiliki wajah yang lebar, jaws
berat, dan dapat penghancur besar dan penggilingan gigi yang digunakan untuk
makan buah-buahan yang keras, benih, dan bagian berserat bawah tanah tanaman.
Mereka berjalan tegak, yang akan memungkinkan mereka untuk membawa dan
menggunakan alat-alat. Kebanyakan ahli sebelumnya telah percaya bahwa Homo
habilis mampu menggantikan Australopithecus robustus karena lebih dahulu mampu
untuk menggunakan alat-alat memberi mereka keunggulan bawaan. Penemuan bahwa
Australopithecus robustus juga menggunakan alat berarti bahwa para peneliti
harus mencari penjelasan lain untuk kepunahan mereka. Mungkin mereka
ketergantungan pada tanaman alami yang menyebabkan kejatuhan mereka sebagai
iklim menjadi pengering dan pendingin, atau mungkin Homo habilis, dengan otak
mereka yang lebih besar, yang hanya dapat membuat alat-alat yang lebih canggih.
17. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that all of the following
may have made and used tools EXCEPT
Jawab : D → Australopithecus
robustus’ ancestors
Pembahasan : Paragraf di atas
menjelaskan bahwa alat-alat primitif itu mulai digunakan oleh Australophitecus
robustus bersama-sama dengan Homo Habilis dan penerusnya, Homo erectus. Berarti
yang bukan adalah nenek moyang Australophitecus robustus.
18. The word “extensive” in line 9 is
Jawab : A → numerous
Pembahasan : Extensive memiliki
arti luas atau dalam jumlah besar sehingga kata yang paling dekat artinya
dengan kata tersebut adalah numerous.
19. Which of the following does the author mention as the most important
recent discovery made in the Swartkrans cave?
Jawab : D → Hand bones
Pembahasan : Jawaban tersebut bisa dilihat pada paragraf 2 kalimat The
key recent discovery involved bones from the hand of Australopithecus robustus,
the first time such bones have been found yang menyatakan bahwa penemuan yang
paling penting adalah hand bones.
20. What does the third paragraph ‘mainly discuss?
Jawab : A → Features of Australopithecus robustus’ hand
Pembahasan : Jawaban sangat jelas ditemukan pada kalimat pertama paragraf
tersebut yaitu membahas tentang ciri (feature) dari Australopithecus robustus.
21. It can be inferred from the description in the last paragraph that
Australopithecus robustus was so named because of the species’
Jawab : C → build
Pembahasan : Paragraf 4 kalimat pertama, Australopithecus robustus were
more heavily built-more “robust” in anthropological terms-than their successors
menjelaskan bahwa kata robustus berasal dari robust, istilah antropologi yang
merujuk pada perawakan atau bentuk fisik (build) dengan ciri-ciri yang
dijelaskan pada kalimat selanjutnya.
22. The word “supplant” in line 22 is closest in meaning to
Jawab : B → displace
Pembahasan : Kata supplant
memiliki arti “menggantikan” sehingga kata yang paling dekat artinya dengan
kata tersebut pada pilihan yang tersedia adalah displace (menggantikan).
23. The word “them” in line 23 refers to
Jawab : B → Homo habilis
Pembahasan : Them pada kalimat
tersebut merujuk pada subjek yang disebutkan sebelumnya yaitu Homo habilis.
24. What does the author suggest is unclear about Australopithecus
robustus?
Jawab : D → Why they became
extinct
Pembahasan : Jawaban tersebut bisa ditemukan pada paragraf terakhir
kalimat The discovery that Australopithecus robustus also used tools means that
researchers will have to seek other explanations for their extinction yang
menyarankan kepada para peneliti untuk mencari sebab-sebab lain kepunahan jenis
manusia primitif tersebut.
25. The phrase “reliance on” in line 24 is closest in meaning to
Jawab : B → dependence on
Pembahasan : Reliance on memiliki
arti kebergantungan yang bersesuaian dengan kata dependence on
(ketergantungan).
26. Where in the passage does the author mention the materials from which
tools were made?
Jawab : C → Lines 15-17
Pembahasan : Penulis menyebutkan beberapa alat serta asal bahannya pada
baris 15-17: “…an opposable thumb, a feature that would allow them to grip
objects, including tools. The researchers also found primitive bone and stone
implements, especially digging tools, in the same layers of sediments.” Yaitu
bentuk tulang yang memungkinkan mereka mencengkeram alat dan alat dari batu
untuk peralatan menggali.
Questions 27-38
The first two decades of this century were dominated by the microbe
hunters. These hunters had tracked down one after another of the microbes
responsible for the most dreaded scourges of many centuries: tuberculosis,
cholera, diphtheria. But there, remained some terrible diseases for which no
microbe could be incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi. Then it was
discovered that these diseases were caused by the lack of vitamins, a trace
substance in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or cured by consuming
foods that contained the vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920’s and
1930’s, nutrition became a science and the vitamin hunters replaced the microbe
hunters.
In the 1940’s and 1950’s, biochemists strived to learn why each of the
vitamins was essential for health. They discovered that key enzymes in
metabolism depend on one or another of the vitamins as coenzymes to perform the
chemistry that provides cells with energy for growth and function. Now, these
enzyme hunters occupied center stage.
You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been replaced by a new breed
of hunters who are tracking genes-the blueprints for each of the enzymes-and
are discovering the defective genes that cause inherited diseases-diabetes,
cystic fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic engineers, use recombinant DNA
technology to identify and clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells
and plants to create factories for the massive production of hormones and
vaccines for medicine and for better crops for agriculture. Biotechnology has
become a multibillion-dollar industry.
In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the
gene hunters will be replaced in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind of
hunter will dominate the scene in the last decade of our waning century and in
the early decades of the next? I wonder whether the hunters who will occupy the
spotlight will be neurobiologists who apply the techniques of the enzyme and
gene hunters to the functions of the brain: What to call them? The head
hunters. I will return to them later.
Terjemahan
Dua dekade pertama di abad ini didominasi oleh pemburu mikroba. Pemburu
ini telah melacak satu demi satu mikroba yang bertanggung jawab untuk penyakit
paling ditakuti selama berabad-abad: tuberkulosis, kolera, difteri. Tapi masih
ada beberapa penyakit mengerikan yang mikroba tidak bisa menyerang: penyakit
kudis, pellagra, rickets, beri-beri. Kemudian ditemukan bahwa penyakit ini
disebabkan oleh kekurangan vitamin, bahan makanan untuk diet. Penyakit ini
dapat dicegah atau disembuhkan dengan mengkonsumsi makanan yang mengandung
vitamin. Jadi pada dekade tahun 1920-an dan tahun 1930-an, gizi menjadi sebuah
ilmu dan pemburu vitamin digantikan pemburu mikroba.
Di tahun 1940-an dan 1950-an, ilmuwan berusaha untuk mempelajari mengapa
setiap vitamin sangat penting untuk kesehatan. Mereka menemukan bahwa kunci
enzim dalam metabolisme tergantung pada satu sama lain dari vitamin sebagai
koenzim untuk menghasilkan kimia yang menyediakan sel dengan energi untuk
pertumbuhan dan fungsinya. Sekarang, pemburu enzim ini menduduki peringkat
atas.
Kalian menyadari bahwa pemburu enzim digantikan oleh generasi baru para
pemburu yang melacak gen- biru untuk masing-masing enzim- dan menemukan
kecacatan gen penyebab penyakit-diabetes, cystic fibrosis. Pemburu gen ini, atau
genetik insinyur, menggunakan teknologi kombinasi DNA untuk mengidentifikasi dan
mengkloning gen dalam sel bakteri dan tanaman untuk membuat pabrik-pabrik untuk
produksi besar-besaran hormon dan vaksin untuk obat dan untuk tanaman yang
lebih baik untuk pertanian. Bioteknologi telah menjadi multibillion-dolar
industri.
Dari pandangan yang tak terelakkan tentang kemajuan di bidang ilmu
pengetahuan ini, kita berharap gen pemburu akan diganti secepatnya. Kapan dan
oleh siapa? Jenis hunter yang mana yang akan mendominasi dalam dekade terakhir
abad ini dan pada awal dekade berikutnya? Aku bertanya-tanya apakah para
pemburu yang akan menempati sorotan akan neurobiologists yang menerapkan teknik
enzim dan gen pemburu fungsi otak: Disebut apa mereka itu? Kepala pemburu. Aku
akan kembali kepada mereka nanti.
27. What is the main topic of the passage?
Jawab : C → The progress of modem medical research
Pembahasan : Ide pokok bacaan di atas adalah perkembangan penelitian
medis modern, mulai dari microbe hunters, enzyme hunters hingga gene hunters
yang masing-masing selanjutnya dijelaskan dengan lebih detil.
28. The word “which” in line 3 refers to
Jawab : A → diseases
Pembahasan : Which pada kalimat
tersebut merujuk pada penyakit-penyakit serius (terrible diseases) yang tidak
bisa dilawan oleh mikroba.
29. The word “incriminated” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
Jawab : B → blamed
Pembahasan : Incriminate memiliki
arti “menyalahkan” sehingga yang paling tepat di antara pilihan tersebut adalah
blamed yang memiliki makna yang sama.
30. Which of the following can be cured by a change in diet?
Jawab : D → Pellagra
Pembahasan : Berdasarkan paragraf pertama baris 4, beberapa penyakit yang
dapat disembuhkan melalui perubahan pola makan yang lebih sehat, yaitu makanan
yang banyak mengandung vitamin seperti scurvy, pellagra, rickets dan beriberi.
31. The word “strived” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
Jawab : B → tried
Pembahasan : Strived memiliki
kesamaan arti dengan attempt, try, dan make effort yang semuanya berarti
berusaha atau berjuang.
32. How do vitamins influence health?
Jawab : A → They are necessary for some enzymes to function.
Pembahasan : Fungsi vitamin terhadap kesehatan tubuh adalah untuk
membantu enzim (sebagai coenzyme) untuk menghasilkan kimia yang meyediakan sel
dengan energi untuk pertumbuhan dan fungsinya. Penjelasan ini dapat dilihat
pada baris ke 9-11.
33. In the third paragraph, the author compares cells that have been
genetically altered by biotechnicians to
Jawab : B → factories
Pembahasan : Jawaban bisa
ditemukan pada baris 14-17 yang membandingkan sel-sel yang dihasilkan oleh ahli
biologi melalui recombinant DNA dengan sel-sel bakteri dan tanaman yang
menciptakan pabrik-pabrik untuk memproduksi hormon dan vaksin.
34. The word “them” in line 15 refers to
Jawab : C → genes
Pembahasan : Them pada kalimat
tersebut mengacu pada gen yang diidentifikasi dan dikloning melalui rekombinan
DNA.
35. The phrase “occupy the spotlight” in line 21 is closest in meaning to
Jawab : A → receive the most
attention
Pembahasan : Occupy the spotlight
memiliki arti “mendapatkan tempat yang dapat menarik perhatian banyak orang”
sehingga ungkapan yang paling dekat untuk menggantikan frasa tersebut adalah
receive the most attention.
36. The author implies that the most important medical research topic of
the future will be
Jawab : A → the functions of the
brain
Pembahasan : Jawaban dapat
ditemukan pada paragraf terkahir yang menyatakan bahwa penulis berasumsi pada
masa yang akan datang, yang menjadi sorotan utama adalah mereka yang menerapkan
teknik pemburu-pemburu sebelumnya dengan fungsi otak sehingga fungsi otak
diramalkan mejadi isu utama nantinya.
37. Which of the following best describes the author’stone in the last
paragraph of the passage?
Jawab : B → Speculative
Pembahasan : Nada yang tersirat
dari pernyataan-pernyataannya adalah spekulatif. Ini jelas terlihat dari
pernyataannya pada paragraf terakhir di empat baris terakhir bahwa ia pun ingin
tahu mana nantinya yang akan menguasai isu penelitian medis. Di sini ia
memprediksi bahwa mereka yang mampu menggabungkan temuan yang sudah ada dan
mengaitkannya dengan otak manusia. Namun ia belum bisa mengambil kesimpulan
dengan pasti karena belum terjadi.
38.With which of the following statements would the author be most likely
to agree?
Jawab : A → The focus of medical research will change in the next two
decades.
Pembahasan : Pernyataan penulis pada kalimat Which kind of hunter will
dominate the scene in the last decade of our waning century and in the early
decades of the next? menyiratkan bahwa ia berpendapat bahwa akan terjadi
perubahan fokus penelitian medis pada dua dekade mendatang yang akan
mendominasi ranah penelitian.
Questions 39-50
In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States had tremendous natural
resources that could be exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of
the raw materials that are valuable in the manufacture of machinery,
transportation facilities, and consumer goods lay ready to be worked into
wealth. Iron, coal, and oil-the basic ingredients of industrial growth-were
plentiful and needed only the application of technical expertise,
organizational skill, and labor.
One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the
growth of the railroads. The railway network expanded rapidly until the
railroad map of the United States looked like a spider’s web, with the steel
filaments connecting all important sources of raw materials, their places of
manufacture, and their centers of distribution. The railroads contributed to
the industrial growth not only by connecting these major centers, but also by
themselves consuming enormous amounts of fuel, iron, and coal.
Many factors influenced emerging modes of production. For example, machine
tools, the tools used to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part
of the nineteenth century-always with an eye to speedier production and lower
unit costs. The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed by the growing
cities that sheltered the workers and the distributors. The increased urban
population was nourished by the increased farm production that, in turn, was
made more productive by the use of the new farm machinery. American
agricultural production kept up with the urban demand and still had surpluses
for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.
The labor that ran the factories and built the railways was recruited in
part from American farm areas where people were being displaced by farm
machinery, in part from Asia, and in part from Europe. Europe now began to send
tides of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe-most of whom were
originally poor farmers but who settled in American industrial cities. The
money to finance this tremendous expansion of the American economy still came
from European financiers for the most part, but the Americans were approaching
the day when their expansion could be financed in their own “money market.”
Terjemahan
Pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas, Amerika Serikat memiliki sumber
daya alam besar yang dapat dieksploitasi untuk mengembangkan industri berat.
Sebagian besar bahan baku yang berharga dalam pembuatan mesin, fasilitas
transportasi, dan barang-barang konsumen siap untuk bekerja. Besi, batubara dan
minyak- bahan dasar pertumbuhan industri-yang berlimpah dan diperlukan hanya
oleh keahlian teknis, keterampilan organisasi dan tenaga kerja.
Salah satu perkembangan penting dalam gerakan menuju industrialisasi
adalah pembuatan rel kereta api. Jaringan kereta api berkembang pesat sampai
peta kereta api Amerika Serikat tampak seperti seekor jaring laba-laba, dengan
filamen baja yang menghubungkan semua sumber bahan baku penting, tempat
pembuatan dan pusat-pusat distribusi. Rel kereta api memberikan kontribusi
terhadap pertumbuhan industri yang tidak hanya dengan menghubungkan pusat-pusat
utama ini, tetapi juga dengan mengkonsumsi jumlah besar bahan bakar, besi, dan
batu bara.
Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi munculnya modus produksi. Sebagai contoh,
mesin perkakas, alat-alat yang digunakan untuk membuat barang-barang, terus
ditingkatkan di bagian terakhir abad ke-19 dengan pandangan untuk memproduksi
yang lebih cepat dan biaya unit yang lebih rendah. Produk-produk dari pabrik
dengan cepat diserap oleh kota-kota berkembang yang lebih banyak pekerja dan distributor. Peningkatan populasi
urban dipelihara oleh peningkatan produksi pertanian yang, pada gilirannya,
dibuat lebih produktif dengan menggunakan mesin pertanian baru. Produksi
pertanian Amerika terus meningkatkan permintaan perkotaan dan masih memiliki
surplus dijual ke pusat-pusat industri Eropa.
Tenaga kerja yang mengendalikan pabrik dan membangun jalur kereta api
direkrut sebagian dari daerah pertanian Amerika di mana orang-orang yang
digantikan oleh mesin pertanian, sebagian dari Asia, dan sebagian dari Eropa.
Eropa sekarang dimulai untuk mengirim gelombang imigran dari Timur dan Eropa
Selatan -sebagian besar adalah petani yang awalnya miskin tapi yang menetap di
kota-kota industri Amerika. Uang untuk membiayai ekspansi ini luar biasa,
ekonomi Amerika masih berasal dari dana Eropa untuk sebagian besar, tapi
Amerika yang mendekati hari ketika perluasan bisa dibiayai dengan ‘uang pasar
sendiri.
39. What does the passage mainly discuss?
Jawab : C → Factors that affected industrialization in the United States
Pembahasan : Bacaan tersebut terutama membahas faktor-faktor yang
memengaruhi industrialisasi di AS yang antara lain mencakup perkemabangan rel
kereta api, peralatan mesin dan tenaga kerja.
40. The word “ingredients” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
Jawab : D → components
Pembahasan : Kata ingredients
mempunyai arti bahan, unsur, komponen, atau elemen yang membentuk sesuatu. Maka
jawaban yang paling tepat adalah components.
41. Why does the author mention “a spider’s web” in line 8?
Jawab : B → To describe the complex structure of the railway system
Pembahasan : Istilah spider’s web menggambarkan rumitnya susunan sistem
rel kereta api pada waktu itu seperti jaring laba-laba.
42. The word “themselves” in line 10 refers to
Jawab : C → railroads
Pembahasan : Them pada kalimat
tersebut mengacu pada jalan kereta api itu sendiri yang berkontribusi tidak
hanya dalam menghubungkan kota-kota penting tetapi juga karena kereta itu
sendiri mengonsumsi bahan bakar.
43. According to the passage, all of the following were true of railroads
in the United States in the nineteenth century EXCEPT that
Jawab : D → they used relatively small
quantities of natural resources.
Pembahasan : Berdasarkan informasi
pada paragraf 2, jalur kereta api berkembang sangat cepat hingga menyerupai
jaring laba-laba, menghubungkan pusat-pusat kota industri di negara itu serta
berkontribusi besar dalam pertumbuhan industri.
Oleh karena itu jawaban yang tidak benar adalah pilihan D karena
berlawanan dengan fakta yang ada.
44. According to the passage, what was one effect of the improvement of
machine tools?
Jawab : A → Lower manufacturing costs
Pembahasan : Karena perkembangan peralatan mesin yang mulai menggantikan
tenaga manusia menjadikan biaya produksi mejadi lebih rendah.
45. According to the passage, who were the biggest consumers of
manufactured products?
Jawab : C → City dwellers
Pembahasan : Kalimat The increased
urban population was nourished by the increased farm production that, in turn,
was made more productive by the use of the new farm machinery menunjukkan
adanya hubungan antara pesatnya pertumbuhan penduduk perkotaan dan produksi
peralatan yang dibutuhkan oleh penduduk tersebut. Dengan kata lain permintaan
terbesar berasal dari penduduk kota yang terus berkembang.
46. The word “nourished” in line 16 is closest in meaning to
Jawab : B → fed
Pembahasan : Kata nourished memiliki
kesamaan arti dengan fed yang bermakna disuplai, disediakan atau dipenuhi.
47. Which of the following is NOT true of United States farmers in the
nineteenth century?
Jawab : B → They were unable to produce sufficient food for urban areas
Pembahasan : Pengaruh dari industrialisasi adalah peningkatan produksi
karena perkembangan peralatan yang ada hingga bisa menjualnya ke daratan Eropa.
Namun hal ini juga berdampak pada pengurangan tenaga kerja yang telah
digantikan oleh mesin dengan perbandingan biaya produksi yang jauh lebih
rendah. Oleh karena itu jawaban yang tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan di atas
adalah jawaban B.
48. According to the passage, what did the United States supply to
European cities?
Jawab : D → Agricultural produce
Pembahasan : Jawaban dapat ditemukan di kalimat terakhir paragraf 3 bahwa
American agricultural production kept up with the urban demand and still had
surpluses for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.
49. The word “ran” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
Jawab : A → operated
Pembahasan : Run mempunyai arti
menjalankan atau mengoperasikan sehingga jawaban yang paling tepat adalah
operated.
50. Where in the passage does the author mention the financial aspect of
industrial expansion?
Jawab : D → Lines 22-25
Pembahasan : Pada baris 22-25
dijelaskan bahwa perkembangan industri telah merambah sampai daratan Eropa
dengan adanya arus migrasi di daratan itu dan berkontribusi besar dalam
menyokong pembiayaan perkembangan industri di Amerika karena sebagai konsumen
mayoritas bagi negara itu.
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